特首梁振英2015年初在施政報告高聲對港獨思潮提出警告,似是社會上才剛發酵的新概念,但事實上,這絕非甚麼新事兒,香港戰後已曾出現自治主張、加上嬰兒潮後孕育出以香港主體意識為核心的本土主義,面對香港社會本身的特殊性,到2011年起乃逐步演化成激進的本土主義甚至是具分離意識的港獨思潮。
‧1946年10月 《楊慕琦計劃》建議設立包含直選產生的市議會,同被國共兩黨視之為香港獨立,終於無疾而終。
‧1950年代 香港作為冷戰的前沿,成為反共大本營,儘管港 人當時普遍同意自己是中國人,但自認為中國人與認同中共政權的,卻是兩碼子事。
‧1963年 先施百貨創辦人馬應彪第4子馬文輝(1905-1994)首度提出「港人自決」概念,成立「香港民主自治黨」,以反殖、反共為立場,主張要建立一個屬於港人的自治政體。
‧1970年代 隨著戰後嬰兒潮成長,香港在文化上牽起粵語流行曲,政治及學界牽起「認祖關中」運動,被稱為香港第一波本土主義。到1982年「匯點」成立,更出現以香港視角出發的「民主回歸」論述。
‧1980年代 北京和倫敦1984年簽下《中英聯合聲明》,香港回歸前途不再有懸念,但中大劉兆佳教授1988年進行的民意調查,支持香港獨立的,竟高達47%!
‧2003年7月1日 隨著特區政府依照北京中央定調推出基本法23條製定的《國家安全法》,香港社會衍生出直視中國,保護特區權益的第二波本土主義。
‧2011年 中港矛盾日見明顯下的思潮,學者陳雲出版《香港城邦論》,直斥過去的「建設民主中國」論不實際,香港反而應享有城邦自治。
‧2012年 反國民教育:反共、「去中」理念全面爆發。
‧2013年3月27日 被稱為「佔中三子」的港大法律系副教授戴耀廷、中大社會系副教授陳健民,和朱耀明牧師正式提出《讓愛與和平佔領中環》信念書,引爆香港社會對2017特首普選的討論和抗爭。
‧2014年2月 港大學生會刊物《學苑》以《香港民族 命運自決》為題打出頭砲,之後一期題為《香港民主獨立》,到同年底又出版書籍《香港民族論》,「主張香港『尋找一條自立自決的出路』」。「抗命」,也成為是年社會普遍的關鍵詞。
‧2014年 9月28日 兩傘(佔領)運動爆發。這波運動雖然在北京和特區政府以靜制動策略下無功結 束,透過運動的象徵物、記憶、憤怒與創痛等,衍生出大量的「傘後」政治組織,或支持激進本土主義,或甚至直接主張港獨為旨的第三波本土主義,也驀然彌漫社會,持續發酵。
綜合而言,從激進本土主義到港獨思潮,涉及幾個定義、政治和法律的問題:
- 何謂港獨?像台獨一樣,激進本土主義本身也涉及光譜,在這光譜上游走像港人優先,又或是從全面自治→內部自決→前途自決→民族獨立,在那才算是觸動北京中央的政治敏感神經,或是特區政府的法律紅線?
- 倡港獨是否已違法?北京中央官員曾表示,港獨思潮違反基本法,在保障國家安全下,港獨言論自由是受限的。至於部分香港親建制的法律界人士強調,《刑事罪行條例》第9和第10條可作檢控,1938制訂的《煽動意圖罪》,指任何人若激起當時英女皇,即回歸後的中央政府的叛離,就是有罪,毋須作為暴力行動。特區政府也表示正研究相關條例下,是否任何人作出、企圖作出、準備作出或與任何人串謀作出具煽動意圖的作為,或發表煽動文字,或刊印煽動刊物等,即屬犯罪,且最高可處監禁3年。另一種看法則認為任何團體和平提倡領土獨立(peaceful advocacy of territory’s independence),不會觸犯刑事罪行。港獨主張雖然違反基本法,但不觸犯刑事罪行,本港現時既未有顛覆罪(subversion law),《刑事罪行條例》第9條「煽動意圖」不適用於和平提倡獨立的團體。
- 主張港獨人士只要組織政黨,是否已屬於行動或作為,更無需爭論,即可予以檢控?港府仍在研究,但強調嘗試循合法途徑促致改變在香港依法制定的事項,不會視為具煽動性。 至於現行《公司條例》及《社團條例》的規定則非常清晰,社會並沒有爭論,據前者,任何人如在申報表、報告、證明書、資產負債表或文件內,明知但故意作出一項在要項上屬虛假的陳述,例如有組織在申請成立公司時虛假申報成立目的,可涉犯法,經循公訴程序定罪最高可處罰款30萬元及監禁2年。至於後者即《社團條例》如任何組織申請成立社團時,遭拒絕註冊,仍沒有停止運作,該社團每名幹事或每名自稱是幹事的人即屬犯罪,最高可處罰款5萬元及監禁3個月。因此一些北京視之以港獨為旨的人士據《公司條例》或《社團條例》申請成立機構或組織,只要港府拒絕批准,即不可能以被拒用的組織名義參選。
無論如何,特區政府在2016立法會選舉前,已採取了兩項行動:1. 以涉嫌違反基本法之名,拒絕代寄印有「自決」等字眼的候選人宣傳單張;2. 拒絕以《公司條例》或《社團條例》替一些被認定涉嫌可能進行違反基本法行為而準備參與選舉或政治活動之公司或社團註冊。
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