美國總統提名預選分兩種形式──黨團會議(Caucus)及初選(Primary)。黨團會議是指兩黨在各州自下而上,從選舉點、縣、選區到州逐級召開代表會議,最終選出參加全國代表大會的代表,獲得多數代表支持的競選人就被認為贏得了該州預選。愛荷華州舉行的就是這種預選。至於初選,形式上尤如普選,一個州的兩黨選民同一天到投票站投票選出本黨全國代表大會代表。美國大多數州都採用初選,新罕布什爾州初選,就是由各政黨選民直接投票。
比較兩者的分別,黨團會議是通過黨員集體開會討論、發言,最後投票,整個過程比較複雜和耗時。初選比較直截了當,類似普選,選民去投票站在選票上寫下自己支持的候選人名字即可。初選分為封閉式初選(closed primary)、半封閉式初選(semi-closed primary)、開放式初選(open primary)等多種形式。封閉式初選只對註冊黨員開放,半封閉式初選允許登記黨員和無黨派選民投票,開放式初選允許所有註冊選民投票。
兩黨參選人必須一個州一個州地贏夠黨代表人票,才能在全國代表大會上獲提名。各州的黨代表人票數目不同,主要以註冊選民數量而定,哪個州註冊該黨的選民愈多,代表人票就愈多。根據兩黨的規定,民主黨和共和黨的參選人要成功出線,分別要至少獲得2383票及1237票。民主黨總黨代表票數為4765票,共和黨總黨代表票數為2472票。值得一提的是,民主黨有4700多名全國代表,其中714個(約六分一)是超級黨代表,他們毋須按各州投票結果支持參選人。
數十年來,愛荷華州和新罕布什爾州一直分別是美國大選年舉行首個黨團會議和首個直接預選的州。在預選階段,一個州的面積大小和人口多寡與該州對整個選情的影響力並不成正比,最重要是預選日期,通常日期愈早,影響愈大;因此,儘管愛荷華和新罕布什爾都是小州,但對整個預選階段具有風向標作用,兩黨競選人與傳媒均予以高度關注。
2016年民主共和兩黨總統候選人提名初選將率先於2月1日在愛荷華州舉行,愛荷華州黨團會議自1972年起一直是大選的前哨戰,由兩黨黨員公開表態支持哪一位參選人,儘管勝出的參選人不代表最終必定獲得黨內提名,但對整個提名過程具指標性作用。
第二場初選則於2月9日在新罕布什爾州舉行。緊隨其後的是2月下旬內華達州黨團會議(20日)和南卡羅來納州(27日)初選。3月1日「超級星期二」大決戰更是焦點,屆時民主共和兩黨會會同時在11個州份舉行初選或黨團會議。
「超級星期二」的源起可追溯至1988年大選,當時多個南方州份想與舉行全美國首場初選,卻被指代表性不足的愛荷華州爭奪關注度,於是各州聯合同時舉行初選,因而被視為「超級星期二」首次出現。之後於每個選舉年2月至3月的其中一個星期二,通常都有多個州同時舉行初選,久而久之就被傳媒稱為「超級星期二」。每屆選舉「超級星期二」的州份數目都不同。
在2016年的「超級星期二」,共和黨會產生595張黨代表票,佔勝出提名戰所需票數約一半。民主黨將產生865張黨代表票,佔勝出提名戰所需票數約三分一。6月14日全部初選結束。
2016年7月19日,共和黨全國代表大會正式提名特朗普為總統參選人,其大兒子、紐約州黨代表,把該州89張黨代表票投給特朗普,特朗普最終得到1725票,超過門檻所需的1237張黨代表票,取得共和黨總統參選人的提名。同月21日,特朗普在全國代表大會正式接受提名。
2016年7月26日,民主黨在費城召開第二日全國代表大會,希拉莉正式成為民主黨的總統候選人,她取得超過獲提名所需的2382張黨代表票,成為美國歷來首位主要政黨的女性總統參選人。同月28日,希拉莉正式接受民主黨總統提名。
各州初選結果
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