\u3008\u300a\u5929\u80fd\u300b\uff1a\u5728\u8332\u3009<\/strong><\/a>\uff0c\u4ee5\u70ba\u6df1\u5c64\uff0c\u537b\u898b\u8ce3\u5f04\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u6216\u5982\u4ed6\u6240\u8a00\uff1a\u300c\u9019\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e0d\u4f5c\u6df1\u89c0\uff0c\u800c\u4f5c\u611f\u53d7\u3002\u300d\u5f71\u8a55\u8f3f\u8ad6\u4e00\u76f4\u8a8d\u70ba\u8def\u862d\u4e4b\u4f5c\u54c1\u4ee5\u81ea\u6211\u6bc0\u6ec5\u3001\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u96c4\u8207\u53cd\u5c0d\u529b\u91cf\u4e4b\u653f\u6cbb\u89d2\u529b\u70ba\u4e3b\u984c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u82e5\u7136\u70ba\u8457\u9019\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\u4e4b\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u6211\u4ee5\u70ba\u662f\u9670\u8b00\u8ad6\uff08Conspiracy theories\uff09\u3002\u9670\u8b00\u8ad6\u4e4b\u76db\u884c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u5176\u53c8\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u6b63\u7576\u4e0b\u7f8e\u570b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5beb\u7167\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u5931\u53bb\u4fe1\u4efb\u9664\u4e86\u662f\u4e00\u8972\u9670\u8b00\u4e4b\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5a92\u9ad4\u8996\u91ce\u3002Ann E. Williams\u5728\u8ad6\u6587\u3008Trust is an element of public engagement that drives civic beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors\u3009\uff082012\uff091\u4f5c\u4e86\u5145\u4efd\u4e4b\u8aaa\u660e\u3002\u5982\u4e0a\u9670\u8b00\u8ad6\u4e4b\u76db\u884c\uff0c\u4e43\u4fe1\u4efb\u4e4b\u5931\u53bb\u6240\u81f4\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4fe1\u4efb\u8207\u5a92\u9ad4\u4e4b\u626d\u66f2\u53c8\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u53cd\u667a\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u5982Richard Hofstadter\u65bc1963\u5e74\u8457\u4f5c\u300aAnti-Intellectualism in American Life\u300b\u65e9\u5df2\u8a00\u53ca\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u7d93\u5df2\u516d\u5341\u500b\u5e74\u982d\u3002
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u5f9e\u9670\u8b00\u8ad6\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e\u300a\u5967\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u300b\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4ee5\u70ba\u5169\u500b\u7bc0\u9ede\u3002
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\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5967\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u4e00\u76f4\u8eab\u9677\u9670\u8b00\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6697\u9ed1\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u968e\u5c64\u6709\u5176\u505a\u4e8b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6bcf\u6bcf\u51fa\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u53c8\u4e00\u500b\u5b89\u5168\u4e4b\u9000\u8def\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u8b93\u9019\u500b\u6545\u4e8b\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4e4b\u98a8\u66b4\uff1b\u5176\u6b63\u6b63\u662f\u96fb\u5f71\u5967\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u96fb\u5f71\u4e09\u5206\u4e8c\u4e4b\u524d\u6bb5\u60c5\u7bc0\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u539f\u5b50\u5f48\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u6697\u9ed1\u904b\u884c\u8457\u4e00\u500b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e4b\u9670\u8b00\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u76e3\u5c0e\u7de8\u4e4b\u8def\u862d\u4e5f\u8216\u9673\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4f86\u628a\u9019\u500b\u7cbe\u82f1\u5206\u6210\u5169\u5c64\uff0c\u4e00\u5c64\u662f\u81ea\u79c1\u819a\u6dfa\u7576\u6b0a\u8005\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u96fb\u5f71\u4e2d\u7684\u7e3d\u7d71\u5148\u751f\uff0c\u5176\u8a00\u9053\u751a\u9ebc\u8cac\u4efb\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u8005\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u8005\u4eac\u90fd\u662f\u6587\u5316\u4e4b\u90fd\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u8005\u662f\u7576\u5e74\u871c\u6708\u4e4b\u56de\u61b6\uff0c\u770b\u4f3c\u7121\u7406\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4e0d\u904e\u4fdd\u8b77\u8457\u771f\u6b63\u9670\u8b00\u8005\uff1b\u7576\u7136\u9084\u898b\u6545\u4e8b\u4e4b\u53cd\u6d3e\u5bbf\u6575\u4e4b\u65bd\u7279\u52de\u65af\uff08Lewis Strauss\uff09\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u8def\u862d\u4e5f\u70ba\u539f\u5b50\u5f48\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5e36\u51fa\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6b63\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u539f\u5b50\u5f48\uff0c\u70ba\u8457\u4e00\u4efd\u77db\u76fe\u80cc\u5f8b\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9\u3002\u82e5\u5f9e\u7f8e\u570b\u5de8\u4eba\u7f85\u723e\u65af\uff08John Rawls\uff09\u4e4b\u300a\u6b63\u7fa9\u8ad6\u300b\uff08A Theory of Justice\uff09\uff0c\u6b63\u7fa9\u662f\u516c\u5e73\u548c\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u4e00\u9ad4\u5169\u9762\u4e4b\u8a6e\u91cb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u96fb\u5f71\u4e2d\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u82f1\u570b\u54f2\u4eba\u970d\u5e03\u65af\uff08Thomas Hobbes\uff09\u4e4b\u5229\u7dad\u5766\uff08Leviathan\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9ede\u5247\u662f\u5728\u6545\u4e8b\u60c5\u7bc0\u4e4b\u5c3e\u6bb5\uff0c\u8a34\u8aaa\u807d\u8b49\u6703\u6295\u4e0b\u53cd\u5c0d\u7968\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\uff08John F. Kennedy\uff09\u3002\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u7136\u3001\u6216\u8005\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u6cf0\u534a\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u9084\u6700\u5927\u7684\u9670\u8b00\u3002\u96fb\u5f71\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u7bc0\u4e2d\u5efa\u69cb\u4e86\u591a\u5c64\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u539f\u5b50\u5f48\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u904b\u7528\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u5be6\u8e10\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u5a5a\u59fb\u8207\u51fa\u8ecc\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5171\u7522\u4e4b\u677f\u773c\u662f\u96fb\u5f71\u91cd\u8981\u4e4b\u6545\u4e8b\u7dda\u548c\u63a8\u52d5\u56e0\u5b50\u3002\u66fc\u54c8\u9813\u8a08\u5283\u5f9e1941\u5e74\u7f8e\u570b\u7e3d\u7d71\u7f85\u65af\u798f\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u76f4\u52301942\u5e74\u5967\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u52a0\u5165\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u65bc1945\u5e747\u6708\u65b0\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5dde\u6210\u529f\u8a66\u7206\u3002\u8a08\u5283\u9032\u884c\u4e4b\u7576\u5152\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u540c\u6642\u4ea6\u6380\u8d77\u53cd\u5171\u98a8\u6f6e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5099\u53d7\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u9ea5\u5361\u932b\uff08McCarthy\uff09\u3002\u9ea5\u5361\u932b\u53cd\u5171\u904b\u52d5\u70ba\u7f8e\u570b\u793e\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u6975\u5927\u7684\u9707\u52d5\u3002\u9ea5\u5361\u932b\u8207\u8001\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\uff0c\u5373\u7e3d\u7d71\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\u4e4b\u7236\uff0c\u95dc\u4fc2\u932f\u7d9c\u8907\u96dc\uff0c\u5229\u76ca\u96e3\u4ee5\u8a00\u55bb\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\u5bb6\u65cf\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u65bc1848\u5e74\u5f9e\u6b50\u6d32\u5343\u91cc\u8fe2\u9059\uff0c\u98c4\u6d41\u904e\u6d77\uff0c\u8d70\u904e\u9ec3\u6c99\u5927\u5730\uff0c\u624d\u5230\u4e86\u9ebb\u7701\u5b9a\u5c45\u3002\u5f9e\u5c0f\u9152\u9928\u8d77\u5bb6\u5230\u80a1\u7968\u96fb\u5f71\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u9418\u9cf4\u9f0e\u98df\u4e4b\u5bb6\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5bb6\u65cf\u767c\u8de1\u4e4b\u6545\u4e8b\u5176\u5be6\u8ddf\u5176\u4ed6\u7f8e\u570b\u5bcc\u4eba\u6545\u4e8b\u76f8\u82e5\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u500b\u4e0d\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\uff0c\u537b\u56e0\u70ba\u7e3d\u7d71\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\u8b8a\u5f97\u64b2\u6714\u8ff7\u96e2\uff0c\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\u4e4b\u6b7b\u66f4\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u9670\u8b00\u5f71\u5b50\uff0c\u7e3d\u662f\u63ee\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53bb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1954\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u570b\u6703\u807d\u8b49\u6703\u5efa\u8b70\u8b74\u8cac\u9ea5\u5361\u932b\u9055\u53cd\u8b70\u9662\u898f\u5247\uff1b\u7d42\u4ee567\u5c0d22\u8868\u6c7a\u901a\u904e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u552f\u4e00\u6c92\u6709\u6295\u7968\u8005\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\u3002\u96fb\u5f71\u57fa\u672c\u4ee5\u6697\u9ed1\u8cea\u7591\u5967\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u4e4b\u5207\u5165\u9ede\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5171\u7522\u80cc\u666f\u6216\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u96fb\u5f71\u4e2d\u5247\u8aaa\u660e\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\u807d\u8b49\u6703\u6295\u4e0b\u53cd\u5c0d\u7968\uff0c\u66f2\u7dda\u5e73\u53cd\u4e86\u5967\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\uff0c\u540c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5171\u7522\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u537b\u6709\u8457\u4e0d\u540c\u7d50\u5c40\uff0c\u9019\u4fbf\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u55ce\uff0c\u5be6\u5728\u76f8\u6620\u6210\u8da3\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u96fb\u5f71\u6c38\u9060\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u4e00\u4efd\u8f49\u55bb\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5967\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u4e00\u8972\u7f8e\u570b\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u5c0f\u8f49\u55bb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u8005\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\u4e4b\u6b7b\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5927\u9670\u8b00\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u8f49\u55bb\uff1b\u96fb\u5f71\u548c\u73fe\u5be6\u5230\u5e95\u53c8\u6709\u8457\u591a\u9060\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u770b\u7562\u96fb\u5f71\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u91cd\u8b80Ron Unz\u8457\u4f5c\u300aConspiracy Theories: From the JFK Assassination to the 9\/11 Attacks\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u9999\u6e2f\u6a39\u4ec1\u5927\u5b78\u65b0\u805e\u8207\u50b3\u64ad\u5b78\u7cfb\u6797\u63f4\u68ee\u535a\u58eb
\u5f71\u8a55\u4eba<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\uff08\u7b46\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u5716\u7247\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u300a\u5967\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u300b\uff08Oppenheimer\uff09\u5f9e\u6f14\u54e1\u5230\u76e3\u5c0e\u7de8\u90fd\u662f\u947d\u77f3\u7d1a\uff1b\u947d\u77f3\u7d1a\u6f14\u54e1\u81ea\u7136\u76f8\u61c9\u8457\u947d\u77f3\u7d1a\u6545\u4e8b\u60c5\u7bc0\uff0c\u96fb\u5f71\u8a34\u8aaa\u8457\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u95dc\u5967\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u7684\u8207\u539f\u5b50\u5f48\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e95\u6a4b\u5247\u914d\u5408\u8457\u4e00\u9053\u9677\u5bb3\u5967\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u4e4b\u9670\u8b00\uff0c\u6545\u4e8b\u53c8\u5e36\u51fa\u4e00\u5c64\u53c8\u4e00\u5c64\u4e4b\u9053\u5fb7\u8207\u6b63\u7fa9\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u4f46\u6700\u6709\u8da3\u8005\u8fd1\u5c3e\u6bb5\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\u4e4b\u53cd\u5c0d\u7968\u3002 \u5967\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u6f14\u54e1\u5305\u62ec\u65af\u91cc\u5b89\u6885\u83f2\uff08Cillian Murphy\uff09\u3001\u827e\u7f8e\u8389\u8cd3\u7279\uff08Emily Blunt\uff09\u3001\u7f85\u62d4\u5510\u5c3c\uff08Robert Downey\uff09\u3001\u9ea5\u8fea\u6587\uff08Matt Damon\uff09\u3001\u96f7\u7c73\u99ac\u5229\u514b\uff08Rami Malek\uff09\u53ca\u79d1\u502b\u7d72\u4f69\u829d\uff08Florence Pugh\uff09\uff0c\u661f\u5149\u9663\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c0f\u89b7\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u76e3\u5c0e\u7de8\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u8b93\u4eba\u671f\u5f85\u7684\u57fa\u65af\u675c\u5316\u30fb\u8def\u862d\uff08Christopher Edward Nolan\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u7e3d\u662f\u90a3\u6a23\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u7121\u6cd5\u975c\u6b62\u4e0b\u4f86\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u9996\u6b21\u89c0\u770b\u5176\u4f5c\u54c1\u662f\u300a\u51f6\u5fc3\u4eba\u300b\uff082000\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u9084\u6709\u300a\u767d\u591c\u8ffd\u5147\u300b\uff082002\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u300a\u8759\u8760\u4fe0\u2014\u9ed1\u591c\u4e4b\u795e\u300b\u4e09\u90e8\u66f2\uff082005\u81f32012\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u5c11\u4e0d\u4e86\u722d\u8b70\u4e2d\u7684\u300a\u6f5b\u884c\u51f6\u9593\u300b\uff082010\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u8a72\u7247\u8b93\u4ed6\u540d\u5229\u96d9\u6536\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u9084\u898b\u7dca\u96a8\u5176\u5f8c\u7684\u662f\u300a\u661f\u969b\u555f\u793a\u9304\u300b\uff082014\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u300a\u9127\u5bc7\u514b\u5927\u884c\u52d5\u300b\uff082017\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u300aTENET\u5929\u80fd\u300b\uff082020\u5e74\uff09\u7b49\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u300aTENET\u5929\u80fd\u300b\u7a0d\u898b\u9020\u4f5c\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u66fe\u5728\u672c\u7db2\u5beb\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u540d\u70ba\u3008\u300a\u5929\u80fd\u300b\uff1a\u5728\u8332\u3009\uff0c\u4ee5\u70ba\u6df1\u5c64\uff0c\u537b\u898b\u8ce3\u5f04\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u6216\u5982\u4ed6\u6240\u8a00\uff1a\u300c\u9019\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e0d\u4f5c\u6df1\u89c0\uff0c\u800c\u4f5c\u611f\u53d7\u3002\u300d\u5f71\u8a55\u8f3f\u8ad6\u4e00\u76f4\u8a8d\u70ba\u8def\u862d\u4e4b\u4f5c\u54c1\u4ee5\u81ea\u6211\u6bc0\u6ec5\u3001\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u96c4\u8207\u53cd\u5c0d\u529b\u91cf\u4e4b\u653f\u6cbb\u89d2\u529b\u70ba\u4e3b\u984c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u82e5\u7136\u70ba\u8457\u9019\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\u4e4b\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u6211\u4ee5\u70ba\u662f\u9670\u8b00\u8ad6\uff08Conspiracy theories\uff09\u3002\u9670\u8b00\u8ad6\u4e4b\u76db\u884c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u5176\u53c8\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u6b63\u7576\u4e0b\u7f8e\u570b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5beb\u7167\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u5931\u53bb\u4fe1\u4efb\u9664\u4e86\u662f\u4e00\u8972\u9670\u8b00\u4e4b\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5a92\u9ad4\u8996\u91ce\u3002Ann E. Williams\u5728\u8ad6\u6587\u3008Trust is an element of public engagement that drives civic beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors\u3009\uff082012\uff091\u4f5c\u4e86\u5145\u4efd\u4e4b\u8aaa\u660e\u3002\u5982\u4e0a\u9670\u8b00\u8ad6\u4e4b\u76db\u884c\uff0c\u4e43\u4fe1\u4efb\u4e4b\u5931\u53bb\u6240\u81f4\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4fe1\u4efb\u8207\u5a92\u9ad4\u4e4b\u626d\u66f2\u53c8\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u53cd\u667a\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u5982Richard Hofstadter\u65bc1963\u5e74\u8457\u4f5c\u300aAnti-Intellectualism in American Life\u300b\u65e9\u5df2\u8a00\u53ca\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u7d93\u5df2\u516d\u5341\u500b\u5e74\u982d\u3002 \u5f9e\u9670\u8b00\u8ad6\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e\u300a\u5967\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u300b\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4ee5\u70ba\u5169\u500b\u7bc0\u9ede\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5967\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u4e00\u76f4\u8eab\u9677\u9670\u8b00\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6697\u9ed1\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u968e\u5c64\u6709\u5176\u505a\u4e8b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6bcf\u6bcf\u51fa\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u53c8\u4e00\u500b\u5b89\u5168\u4e4b\u9000\u8def\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u8b93\u9019\u500b\u6545\u4e8b\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4e4b\u98a8\u66b4\uff1b\u5176\u6b63\u6b63\u662f\u96fb\u5f71\u5967\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u96fb\u5f71\u4e09\u5206\u4e8c\u4e4b\u524d\u6bb5\u60c5\u7bc0\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u539f\u5b50\u5f48\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u6697\u9ed1\u904b\u884c\u8457\u4e00\u500b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e4b\u9670\u8b00\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u76e3\u5c0e\u7de8\u4e4b\u8def\u862d\u4e5f\u8216\u9673\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4f86\u628a\u9019\u500b\u7cbe\u82f1\u5206\u6210\u5169\u5c64\uff0c\u4e00\u5c64\u662f\u81ea\u79c1\u819a\u6dfa\u7576\u6b0a\u8005\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u96fb\u5f71\u4e2d\u7684\u7e3d\u7d71\u5148\u751f\uff0c\u5176\u8a00\u9053\u751a\u9ebc\u8cac\u4efb\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u8005\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u8005\u4eac\u90fd\u662f\u6587\u5316\u4e4b\u90fd\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u8005\u662f\u7576\u5e74\u871c\u6708\u4e4b\u56de\u61b6\uff0c\u770b\u4f3c\u7121\u7406\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4e0d\u904e\u4fdd\u8b77\u8457\u771f\u6b63\u9670\u8b00\u8005\uff1b\u7576\u7136\u9084\u898b\u6545\u4e8b\u4e4b\u53cd\u6d3e\u5bbf\u6575\u4e4b\u65bd\u7279\u52de\u65af\uff08Lewis Strauss\uff09\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u8def\u862d\u4e5f\u70ba\u539f\u5b50\u5f48\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5e36\u51fa\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6b63\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u539f\u5b50\u5f48\uff0c\u70ba\u8457\u4e00\u4efd\u77db\u76fe\u80cc\u5f8b\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9\u3002\u82e5\u5f9e\u7f8e\u570b\u5de8\u4eba\u7f85\u723e\u65af\uff08John Rawls\uff09\u4e4b\u300a\u6b63\u7fa9\u8ad6\u300b\uff08A Theory of Justice\uff09\uff0c\u6b63\u7fa9\u662f\u516c\u5e73\u548c\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u4e00\u9ad4\u5169\u9762\u4e4b\u8a6e\u91cb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u96fb\u5f71\u4e2d\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u82f1\u570b\u54f2\u4eba\u970d\u5e03\u65af\uff08Thomas Hobbes\uff09\u4e4b\u5229\u7dad\u5766\uff08Leviathan\uff09\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u9ede\u5247\u662f\u5728\u6545\u4e8b\u60c5\u7bc0\u4e4b\u5c3e\u6bb5\uff0c\u8a34\u8aaa\u807d\u8b49\u6703\u6295\u4e0b\u53cd\u5c0d\u7968\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\uff08John F. Kennedy\uff09\u3002\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u7136\u3001\u6216\u8005\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u6cf0\u534a\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u9084\u6700\u5927\u7684\u9670\u8b00\u3002\u96fb\u5f71\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u7bc0\u4e2d\u5efa\u69cb\u4e86\u591a\u5c64\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u539f\u5b50\u5f48\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u904b\u7528\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u5be6\u8e10\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u5a5a\u59fb\u8207\u51fa\u8ecc\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5171\u7522\u4e4b\u677f\u773c\u662f\u96fb\u5f71\u91cd\u8981\u4e4b\u6545\u4e8b\u7dda\u548c\u63a8\u52d5\u56e0\u5b50\u3002\u66fc\u54c8\u9813\u8a08\u5283\u5f9e1941\u5e74\u7f8e\u570b\u7e3d\u7d71\u7f85\u65af\u798f\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u76f4\u52301942\u5e74\u5967\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u52a0\u5165\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u65bc1945\u5e747\u6708\u65b0\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5dde\u6210\u529f\u8a66\u7206\u3002\u8a08\u5283\u9032\u884c\u4e4b\u7576\u5152\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u540c\u6642\u4ea6\u6380\u8d77\u53cd\u5171\u98a8\u6f6e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5099\u53d7\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u9ea5\u5361\u932b\uff08McCarthy\uff09\u3002\u9ea5\u5361\u932b\u53cd\u5171\u904b\u52d5\u70ba\u7f8e\u570b\u793e\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u6975\u5927\u7684\u9707\u52d5\u3002\u9ea5\u5361\u932b\u8207\u8001\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\uff0c\u5373\u7e3d\u7d71\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\u4e4b\u7236\uff0c\u95dc\u4fc2\u932f\u7d9c\u8907\u96dc\uff0c\u5229\u76ca\u96e3\u4ee5\u8a00\u55bb\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\u5bb6\u65cf\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u65bc1848\u5e74\u5f9e\u6b50\u6d32\u5343\u91cc\u8fe2\u9059\uff0c\u98c4\u6d41\u904e\u6d77\uff0c\u8d70\u904e\u9ec3\u6c99\u5927\u5730\uff0c\u624d\u5230\u4e86\u9ebb\u7701\u5b9a\u5c45\u3002\u5f9e\u5c0f\u9152\u9928\u8d77\u5bb6\u5230\u80a1\u7968\u96fb\u5f71\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u9418\u9cf4\u9f0e\u98df\u4e4b\u5bb6\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5bb6\u65cf\u767c\u8de1\u4e4b\u6545\u4e8b\u5176\u5be6\u8ddf\u5176\u4ed6\u7f8e\u570b\u5bcc\u4eba\u6545\u4e8b\u76f8\u82e5\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u500b\u4e0d\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\uff0c\u537b\u56e0\u70ba\u7e3d\u7d71\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\u8b8a\u5f97\u64b2\u6714\u8ff7\u96e2\uff0c\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\u4e4b\u6b7b\u66f4\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u9670\u8b00\u5f71\u5b50\uff0c\u7e3d\u662f\u63ee\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53bb\u3002 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